9 Books About Sexual Violence That Illustrate Why Women Remain Silent

9 Books About Sexual Violence That Illustrate Why Women Remain Silent I have been writing about female sexuality for nearly 20 years now. This seems unfathomable to me. After all this time, I still feel as if I am writing my way through the same stories. Stories about sexual coercion. Stories about feeling broken. Stories about silence and shame and the struggle women go through to define their own experiences. How many stories about sexual violence do we as a culture need? But every time I ask myself this questionâ€"every time I get sick to death of my own voiceâ€"I am reminded of how much people still do not know. The things they still assume. In an era of #MeToo, those who are loath to believe victims continue to ask the same old questions. But why did they wait so long to come forward? I hear again and again and again. There are so many answers to this question, its a miracle anyone is ever brave enough to open their mouth. Ill let the books below do the talking. Blood, Water, Paint by Joy McCullough In this YA novelâ€"written in gorgeous, affecting verseâ€"McCullough gives us a protagonist we cant help but root for. Seventeen-year-old Artemesia Gentileschi is one of the most talented painters in Rome but, because it is 1610, she lives in obscurity, her father passing off her work as her own. These constraints on their own are unbearable, but when she is raped, she comes to know even more deeply the futility of being a woman who wants to live her life out loud. Speak by Laurie Halse Anderson Another YA novel, set in a more contemporary setting, this book is about a year in the life of a teenage girl who is sinking under the weight of a big, terrible secret: her rape at the hands of a high school senior the summer before. Throughout the course of this story, the protagonist remains silent, confounding her parents, her teachers, her former friends. But if she did choose to speak, would anyone believe her? Mean by Myriam Gurba This lyrical memoir is billed as Gurba’s coming-of-age journey as a queer, mixed-race Chicana. But more than that, it is an exploration of sexual violence, guilt, culpability, race, misogyny, and homophobia. Most relevant to this post is the way in which Gurba explores the question of what we owe to the world versus what we owe to ourselves. She is unapologetically honest about why she has chosen to remain silent at various points in her life, and readers cant help but admire the choices shes made to protect herself from additional harm. Women Talking by Miriam Toews This recent novel, based on real-life events, is about a group of women who discover that the nighttime violations they have been undergoing repeatedly have not, in fact, been the work of demons. Rather, they are being drugged and attacked by men within their own community. Through the minutes of a symposium they convene on what they should do next, readers become privy to the decision-making process that must occur when women are torn between the enticing comfort of the familiar and the struggle of finally taking action. Whatever Gets You Through edited by Stacey May Fowles and Jen Sookfong Lee When I picked up an ARC of this bookâ€"which just came outâ€"I expected essays on the inspiring and transformative power of kickboxing classes, trauma-informed yoga, and the like. And there is a bit of that, with some writers sharing how certain activities have allowed them to muscle through their trauma. But what makes this book essential reading are pieces from writers such as Kai Cheng Thom and Gwen Benaway that interrogate the limitations of our language around sexual violence and our assumptions about how a victim should be, and that provide convincing arguments for silence and anger as the best ways to protect and love oneself. Im Afraid of Men by Vivek Shraya What interests me most about Shrayas memoir is the way in which she has resisted focusing in on isolated, horrific events, instead choosing to show readers how small hurts can accumulate over the years in a way that erodes the spirit. In this #MeToo movement, we hear many stories of outsized monsters, but we are only just beginning to explore the gray areas of internalized misogyny. How do we talk about those gray areas in a way that feels productive? This book is an attempt to discover the answer. Asking for It by Louise ONeill Another YA novel, Asking for It is about a young girl’s rape, the public shaming she has to endure afterward, and the effects this has on her as a woman. The story is a perfect illustration of how, when someone is assaulted, it is their characterâ€"versus that of their attackerâ€"that comes into question. What My Mother and I Dont Talk About edited by Michele Filgate There are a ton of things we keep from our mothers. But the essay this particular anthology grew out of is about Filgates childhood years with an abusive stepfather, and about how this dynamic affected her relationship with her mother. In her case, even when she broke her silences, Filgates mother didnt seem to believe herâ€"or didnt seem to care. Not That Bad edited by Roxane Gay As Ive been promoting my own book these past six months, Ive found myself referencing Gays anthology again and again. The title alone perfectly encapsulates the way in which various forms of sexual violence have been normalized over the years, leading many of us to remain silent because we have classified our experiences as not that bad. When victims are called hysterical or overly emotional, when we are told we are overreacting, when we are told that what we have faced is normal, we eventually come to believe that we have nothing much worth talking about.

No Child Left Behind Act - 1418 Words

The education system is deeply flawed. It does not fight social injustice, but rather exacerbates the issue. The majority of people in the U.S are blind to the fact that there are still inequities within the education system, much less everyday life. A system based on standardized test scores inadvertently oppresses poor people. The Governments decision to judge a schools success by its test scores evidently created a faucet of running water for systematic oppression. The flowing water of oppression floods poor schools; drowning students with dreams, and giving no mercy. The only ones safe from the water are the privileged, who are oblivious to the fact that it exists. George Bush s No Child Left Behind Act, which passed in 2002, mandated annual standardized testing in math and reading. If schools received insufficient scores, they were punished or shut down. This fueled the construed concept that a school is only doing well if the students have adequate test scores. Rachel Aviv s Wrong Answer dove deep into a cheating scandal at Parks Middle School in Atlanta, Georgia. It begins with Damany Lewis, he was a teacher at Parks Middle School. Through the reading it’s made abundantly clear that his life passion was teaching the kids. He was a phenomenal teacher, Aviv writes: He told students to dump their laundry into the back of his pickup truck, so that he could wash it for them, and encouraged them to sleep at his house when their mothers were absent or high. (FewShow MoreRelatedNo Child Left Behind Act1621 Words   |  7 Pages The support for the No Child Left Behind Act plummeted down shortly after the act passed. Many people supported the act at first simply because they supported the goals of the act, once they saw the results, their opinions changed. One of the biggest arguments towards No Child Left Behind is that it is unfair. People believed the resources of difference schools were unequal, and thought the Title 1 funding that the schools received should go to ensuring all schools had equal resources. Many peopleRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act1670 Words   |  7 Pages Literature Review: Every Student Succeeds Act Suzanne Hatton, BSW, LSW University of Kentucky-SW 630 Abstract This literature review seeks to explore the Every Student Succeeds Act (2015), a bipartisan reauthorization and revision to the No Child Left Behind Act (2002). The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) is the first law passed in fourteen years to address Reneeded changes to the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). Considered progressive and innovative at the time of itsRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act875 Words   |  4 PagesThe No Child Left Behind Act â€Å"NCLB† was a bill passed by the Senate in 2001 and signed into law by President George W. Bush on January 8, 2002. It was a revision of the Elementary and Secondary Act â€Å"ESEA† of 1965 by President Lyndon Johnson. The NCLB was intended to help children in lower-income families achieve the same standard of education as children in higher income families. This was done by the federal government providing extra finances for Title I schools in exchange for a rise in academicRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act Ess ay921 Words   |  4 Pagesuccessful at it. (Source 7) Next, the â€Å"No Child left behind Act† it was signed by President George W. Bush and it passed with bipartisan support on Jan. 8, 2002. This Act states that there will be mandated annual testing in the subject reading and math and science. In the grades 3-8 and 10th grade. It shows the Adequate Yearly Progress of each school in the system of the United States. (source 1) The biggest point of this Act is that no child is â€Å"trapped in a failing school† (source 1). That eachRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act2120 Words   |  9 PagesWhen President George W. Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) into law in 2002, the legislation had one goal-- to improve educational equity for all students in the United States by implementing standards for student achievement and school district and teacher performance. Before the No Child Left Behind Act, the program of study for most schools was developed and implemented by individual states and local communities†™ school boards. Proponents of the NCLB believed that lax oversightRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act1988 Words   |  8 PagesJanuary 8, 2002, George W. Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act into law (also known as the NCLB). The No Child Left Behind Act was the latest reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, a federal education bill addressing the nation’s schools. At his signing ceremony, Bush stated, â€Å"There’s no greater challenge than to make sure that every child—and all of us on this stage mean every child, not just a few children—every single child, regardless of where they live, how they’reRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act1592 Words   |  7 PagesThe No Child Left Behind Act was the biggest educational step taken by president Bush and his administration. Its main goal included the increase of achievement in education and completely eliminate the gap between different racial and ethnic grou ps. Its strategies had a major focus on uplifting test scores in schools, hiring â€Å"highly qualified teachers† and deliver choices in education. Unluckily, the excessive demands of the law have not succeeded in achieving the goals that were set, and have causedRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act1747 Words   |  7 PagesNo Child Left Behind Introduction The No Child Left Behind Act (NALB) was signed into law by the former President of the United States George Walker Bush on the 8th of January 2002. It was a congressional attempt to encourage student achievement through some reforms focused on elementary and secondary education programs in the United States. The NCLB requires that within a decade all students including those with disabilities to perform at a proficient level on their state academic evaluation testsRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act1124 Words   |  5 PagesChristian J. Green Dr. Shoulders NCLB and ESSA 28 February 2016 The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) was authorized by and signed into law in 2002. NCLB was a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) of 1965. NCLB was meant to hold schools to higher standards, enforce accountability, and close achievement gaps that had existed in education since ESEA was enacted. Nevertheless, the rigorous standards and goals set forth under NCLB were never attained. ESEA Flexibility couldRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act1615 Words   |  7 PagesNo Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) was established to close student achievement gaps in academics by providing all children with equal or significant opportunities to obtain a high quality of education (Education, 2008). Under the NCLB Act, school administrators and teachers are required to meet adequate yearly progress goals (AYP) on the standardized state and national tests. These goals compare student achievement on standardized test from year to year. All students are expected to show improvement

J. Crew Company Analysis - 3233 Words

I. Problem Definition J.Crew at Stonestown mall is having difficulty targeting San Francisco State students to shop at their store, even when J.Crew offers a 15% off discount to college students. J.Crew is a very successful brand that reaches out to young business professionals; however J.Crew, specifically at Stonestown mall, is having difficulty reaching out to the college students at San Francisco State University. J.Crew believes the students at SFSU are a smart target to reach, considering the University is located right next to the Stonestown mall. Although J.Crew believes the college students are smart target to reach, many students are unaware of the student discount they offer. Looking over J.Crew’s past marketing campaigns,†¦show more content†¦They need to be able to finance their money well and buy good quality products with long durability. Profile of Typical Target Consumer †¢ Female †¢ 18-25 years old †¢ Single †¢ College education †¢ Part-time job †¢ Aware of quality price †¢ Regular shopper †¢ Sociable †¢ Enjoys nightlife †¢ Active in the community †¢ Stylish/Fashionable †¢ Full-time Student V. Consumers’ Perceptions Our consumers’ perception of the brand, J.Crew, usually entails the style they advertise in commercials and television. J.Crew can be seen as a style with practical women in finely cut business suits and overcoats. When most people visualize the company they visualize classy and professional clothing. The problem is they are not seen as the standard, like Gap, for instance, they lack the basic necessities to attract young college students. J.Crew just wants to maintain its professional status, but attract a younger crowd who are establishing their position in the real world applying and interview for jobs. When walking into the store, consumers see bright lights and a variety of fabrics and styles. The dresses range from simple around the house to dressy date-night dresses. The one-thing consumers’ can expect to see when entering J. Crew is the variety of clothing. Consumers’ can perceive clothing brands based on what they see onShow MoreRelatedGap Inc Financial Statement Analysis LR1493 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Financial Statement Analysis for Gap Inc. Company Background Gap Inc. is a leading global apparel retail company offering apparel, accessories, and personal care products for men, women, and children under the Gap, Banana Republic, Old Navy, Piperlime, Athleta, and Intermix brands. Having distinct brands across multiple channels and countries allows Gap Inc. a strong competitive advantage. The company currently has 375 stores in 41 countries. Products are also online through Company-owned websites.Read MoreOptimizing Pilot Planning and Training for Continental Airlines1023 Words   |  5 Pagescontinents. Effective manpower planning is a key component for the success of Continental Airlines. It is essential for Airline Company to adjust its need for pilots constantly in different position in response to new market opportunities, changing passenger demand, acquisition and retirement of aircraft and training resources and evolving economic conditions. Therefore, the company collected information from several separate database systems and built the training plans by using spreadsheet. However, thisRead MoreAbercrombieFitch Financial Analysis1299 Words   |  6 PagesACCOUNTING 6000 FINANCIAL PAPER ANALYSIS Introduction: The structure of the paper will be as follows: First, the purpose and objectives of the fnancial analysis will be streched out, and the target audience will be identified. Second, an initial review of the company that will be taken into consideration, ABERCROMBIE FITCH will be conducted. Third, horizontal and vertical analyses with the help of the three major financial statements of the AbercrombieFitch Annual Report (Income StatementRead MoreEmployee Conflict Of Tamarack Industries1431 Words   |  6 Pages led to the assignment of workers to all the three lines and also hires college students in summer vocation to help in the complication of the crew. However, in the past, experienced workers had complained working with the college students saying that they were arrogant and slow in their work performance. This led to Dan Jensen, the foreman in the company to implement a new strategy where the third line only consists of the college students (the Greek team). Mark Allen was assigned to supervise theRead MorePeople and Organisations1249 Words   |  5 PagesUNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT PEOPLE amp; ORGANISATIONS AMAZING WORLD OF FUN (Word Count 1124) Student Number: Version 1.1 May 2011 Table of Contents Contents 1 Introduction 2 The Current Problems Facing AWF 3 Analysis of Motivational Differences within the Organisation 4 Discussing Different Motivational Theories amp; How they affect the groups within AWF 5 Future Motivational Strategies 6 Conclusion 7 Bibliography/esources 8 AppendicesRead MoreManila amendments to the STCW Convention – as an IMO policy introduced during last decade, which has created controversy among the international maritime community.1578 Words   |  7 Pagesnot reflect a real state of fatigue and consequently creates controversy with its goals and objectives. To enforce the compliance with requirements of the Convention, Inspections of Flag and Port States as well as representatives of Oil Major Companies are strictly surveying records of work and rest hours to find Non-Conformities. At the same time, these records does not show the real level of fatigue but creates a lot of extra paper work and head ache for the Managers and Masters of the shipsRead MoreNetwork of People in the Film Industry Essay example1120 Words   |  5 Pagesstoryboard designers, the casting director is in charge of the execution of casting procedures, the director of audiography is in charge of the audiographers and co-work with the music director, and director of photography is in charge of the camera crews, for example lighting technicians and camera men. Their interaction with their subordinates are more of a top-down relation, thus they play a decisive role in determining the work of these technical personnel. Reversely, the level of these techniciansRead More Financial Strategy for Kudler Fine Foods1166 Words   |  5 PagesFinancial Strategy for Kudler Fine Foods Kudler Fine Foods is a privately held upscale specialty food store, located in the metropolitan area of San Diego. Currently the company has three locations in La Jolla, Del Mar, and Encinitas. Kudler stores have a fine selection of bakery and pastry products, fresh produce, fresh meat, seafood, condiments, packaged food, cheese, and specialty dairy products. Each of the stores has a domestic and imported fare. The owners at Kudler are exploring waysRead MoreBirth of Aviation Essay941 Words   |  4 Pagesaccountability, safety, risk analysis, and standards of operating excellence through collaborated research. This agency has a reach that effects every position in the airline industry from grounds crew to flight crew, all the way up to Airport Operations Management. Random inspections are completed by the Federal Aviation Agency to ensure that all Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR’s) and standards are being followed; if the agency discovers otherwise large fines are asse ssed to the company until compliance isRead MoreCarnival Cruise Line Case Study1584 Words   |  7 Pagesafloat† during the past recession where vacations and luxury items have suffered. Currently trading on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) at $35.51 per share with a total volume at 6.2 million, this global cruise lines is one of the largest vacation companies in the world. With multiple cruise brands under the Carnival umbrella, Carnival has diversified globally and proven that every culture loves a good cruise vacation. According to the Carnival Cruise Lines Investor Relation website the Carnival Corporation

Difference Between Two Population Means Free Essays

Here, we describe estimation and hypothesis-testing procedures for the difference between two population means when the samples are dependent. In a case of two dependent samples, two data values—one for each sample—are collected from the same source (or element) and, hence, these are also called paired or matched samples. For example, we may want to make inferences about the mean weight loss for members of a health club after they have gone through an exercise program for a certain period of time. We will write a custom essay sample on Difference Between Two Population Means or any similar topic only for you Order Now To do so, suppose we select a sample of 15 members of this health club and record their weights before and after the program. In this example, both sets of data are collected from the same 15 persons, once before and once after the program. Thus, although there are two samples, they contain the same 15 persons. This is an example of paired (or dependent or matched) samples. The procedures to make confidence intervals and test hypotheses in the case of paired samples are different from the ones for independent samples. Two samples are said to be paired or matched samples when for each data value collected from one sample there is a corresponding data value collected from the second sample, and both these data values are collected from the same source. As another example of paired samples, suppose an agronomist wants to measure the effect of a new brand of fertilizer on the yield of potatoes. To do so, he selects 10 pieces of land and divides each piece into two portions. Then he randomly assigns one of the two portions from each piece of land to grow potatoes without using fertilizer (or using some other brand of fertilizer). The second portion from each piece of land is used to grow potatoes with the new brand of fertilizer. Thus, he will have 10 pairs of data values. Then, using the procedure to be discussed in this article, he will make inferences about the difference in the mean yields of potatoes with and without the new fertilizer. The question arises, why does the agronomist not choose 10 pieces of land on which to grow potatoes without using the new brand of fertilizer and another 10 pieces of land to grow potatoes by using the new brand of fertilizer? If he does so, the effect of the fertilizer might be confused with the effects due to soil differences at different locations. Thus, he will not be able to isolate the effect of the new brand of fertilizer on the yield of potatoes. Consequently, the results will not be reliable. By choosing 10 pieces of land and then dividing each of them into two portions, the researcher decreases the possibility that the difference in the productivities of different pieces of land affects the results. How to cite Difference Between Two Population Means, Essay examples

Why Socrates Should Be Found Guilty Essays - Socrates,

Why Socrates Should Be Found Guilty? Why Socrates should be found guilty? In 470 B. C or 469 B. C a Greek Philosopher named Socrates was born in Athens. He was the son of Sophroniscus who was a sculptor. Researchers has said that Socrates was brought up as a sculptor. Socrates later abandoned it. When Peloponesion war broke out, Socrates went into active service and he earned high praises by the people of Athens for his courage and his endurance. Socrates took part in three war campaign for Athens. The seize of Potidea which was the beginning of the war and where he saved Alcibiades life. He also took part in the defeat and retreat of the Athenians at Delium in Boeotia in 424. He also fought in the battle of Amphipolis in 422. He was considered a hero by the people of Athens. In 406 B. C a trial of generals who commanded an Athenian fleet at the battle of Arginusae was held. They were accused of failing to pick up survivors and the dead of the battle. The generals defended themselves by claiming that the rescue of the bodies would be impossible because of the strong seas. Socrates was a member of the Prytaneis who are the board of fifty that presided at the trial. What Socrates asked himself was Whether the generals had a right to be tried separately (Stone pg.110). He believed that if they were tried together it would be unfair. The Athenian council listened to the public opinion who said, that they should be tried together. The council then decided that they were to be tried together. Socrates dissented and challenged the mass trial as unconstitutional under Athenian law and procedure of the court. But, the population of Athens and the majority of that population was so angered by the decision to postpone the trial, that the committee forgot unconstitutionality and allowed a vote on an amendment to try all ten generals together. Socrates held out against this decision because he believed it was not only illegal but also unjust. The majority prevailed and cleared the passage for the amendment and the trial. Socrates said What they have done was illegal (Stone pg. 113). By saying this statement Socrates criticized the majority's decision. Socrates gained many enemies from saying this statement. It gives the majority a view of him as a defector of the city and views not like their own. Socrates went against the decision of the people to try them together. When you go against a majority you create a negative view of yourself. When people have negative views of you, you create many enemies. The second occasion that gave Socrates a negative view was when, Socrates went against the Thirty Tyrants. The Thirty Tyrants were responsible for oligarchy in Athens after they overthrew the Democracy. It was formed by a Spartan commander named Lysander after Sparta has won the Peloponnesian war. These Thirty Tyrants were responsible for many judicial murders. They murdered wealthy citizens who's property they wanted for their own. The Thirty ordered Socrates and four other men to arrest a man named Leon of Salimis. Socrates went home while the others obeyed the order. Socrates new the leaders Critias and Charmides of the Thirty well. He was very close with them including Alcibiades. Alcibiades, Critias, and Charmides were all in the Socratic circle. There was then a counter revolution that restored Democracy in Athens. The democrats wanted to prevent a comeback of the horrors that were in every Athenian citizen's mind. The terror that Critias, Charmides, and Alcibades has caused. In order to do this they would have to get Socrates out of the way. The democrats felt since Socrates was the teacher of these Thirty Tyrant leaders, that he was responsible for their misdeeds. Socrates' relations with these three tyrants gave the wrong impression in the eyes of the people in Athens. Not only this was the cause of the negativity toward Socrates, it was also the fact that he went home instead of joining the exiled that left the city to over throw the Thirty tyrants. Maybe perhaps if he joined the exiles to overthrow the Thirty his popularity

Still Life while in Poem Essays

Still Life while in Poem Essays Still Life while in Poem Paper Still Life while in Poem Paper Daryush looks at the sweetness of life from a naà ¯ve and â€Å"young heiress† in Poem A, Still Life while in Poem B, Cunningham chooses to look at life from the perspective of an â€Å"aged lover.† In both poems, the poets reveal their differing attitudes towards life.  Both poets emphasise love as an aspect of the speakers’ lives through the similar form of a sonnet in their poems. The form of a sonnet expresses the poets’ focus on love in both poems, while the structured rhyme scheme in the poems convey the passion of love through the repetitive coupled rhyming of words at the end of the lines. However, Poem A ends with a rhyming couplet and thus deviates from the convention of a sonnet with two stanzas; this conveys the surprising revelations the young girl will encounter in her long future ahead. Conversely, Poem B’s expected adherence to the convention of two stanzas in a sonnet implies the speaker’s lack of surprises due to the various life experiences the â€Å"aged lover† has already gone through. Both sonnets thus have the same focus on love and yet, diverge in terms of the speakers’ perceptions towards it. Aside from the speakers’ perceptions, the descriptions of their actions in the poems serve to futher define their character. Daryush utilize unhurried movements such as the girl â€Å"[coming] over the lawn† and having taken an â€Å"early walk in her garden-wood† to show the vast amount of time the young heiress has ahead of her due to her youth. The vague action of â€Å"come† and languid characteristic of a â€Å"walk† characterize the young girl’s current lack of urgency and purpose in her life. In Poem B, Cunningham utilizes the metaphoric expression of â€Å"gears in motion† to describe the way in which the speaker connects with others. The resolute and continuous movement of the â€Å"gears† seems to metaphorically imply his sense of purpose in initiating any form of a relationship. Thus, the speaker in Poem B is perhaps a mature person who knows what he wants out of his life, unlike the youthful girl in Poem A who lack p urpose in her leisurely actions. The images in both poems serve to additionally characterize the speakers who are in differing stages of life. In Poem A, the imagery of ripe fruits such as â€Å"peaches† and â€Å"figs† are metaphoric representations of the rich passion of young people. The fruits are the most succulent at this point of time, akin to the rich passion in the girl’s life during her youthful prime. However, the speaker in Poem B debunks this ostentatious passion as it is â€Å"not for [him], not at [his] age†. This is done by presenting a crude and awkward image of himself as someone â€Å"with bony shoulders and fat face†, as opposed to the elegance of a dancer or even the â€Å"young heiress† in Poem A. Hence, the images in the poems differently serve to portray the speaker in Poem A as an elegant young girl who is enjoying the richness of youth while the speaker in B is implicitly characterized as a â€Å"clumsy† and â€Å"aged† person who does not engage in the passionate notions of young people. Finally, the enjambment and diction used in the last two lines of both poems hint at the possibility of complications in the speakers’ lives. In Poem A, the enjambment in line 13 emphasise the double denotations of the word â€Å"lies†. The pun causes the word to have a sinister subtextual meaning to it, perhaps implying the unpleasant realities of the future the naà ¯ve young heiress is venturing into. Similarly in line 13 of Poem B, the enjambment converges attention on the word â€Å"conspires†, which has an equally ominous connotation as â€Å"lies†. In the context of Poem B, the speaker may be criticizing the greed of people who wish to be â€Å"at once together and alone† and the paradoxical meaning leaves an ominous open-ended conclusion for the reader to speculate about the speaker’s accumulated life experiences with self-centered lovers. Hence, the disturbing connotations of the diction used results in ambiguity and speculation about the potential life experiences of the speakers in both poems. The speakers in both poems undoubtedly differ in terms of personality or even physical attributes, but both poets utilize similar devices to characterise the speakers. Through the characterization of the innately dissimilar speakers, the poets reveal different perceptions on life. Both poets utilize ambiguity and perhaps end off with a slight sense of foreboding, inviting speculation from the reader about the possibilities of betrayal or obstacles in the course of one’s life.

Intonation Definition and Examples in Speech

Intonation Definition and Examples in Speech In speech,  intonation is the use of changing (rising and falling) vocal pitch to convey grammatical information or personal attitude. Intonation is particularly important in expressing questions in spoken English. For example, take the sentence, When does the meeting start? The word start- including the question mark- rises up or comes up in your voice when you utter the word, notes the website  English Pronunciation Roadmap. The Musicality of Language Intonation  is the melody or music of a language, says  David Crystal, author of A Little Book of Language. Intonation refers to the way your voice rises and falls as you speak, as in, Its raining, isnt it? (or innit, perhaps) In this sentence, youre not really asking a question: Youre  telling  the listener that its raining, so you give your speech a telling melody. The pitch-level of your voice falls and you sound as if you know what youre talking about, and of course, you do, so youre making a statement. But now imagine that you  dont  know if its raining, says Crystal. You think there might be a shower outside, but youre unsure, so you ask someone to check. You use the same words, but the musicality of your voice makes a different point, as in, Its raining, isnt it? Now youre  asking  the person, so you give your speech an asking melody, says Crystal. The pitch-level of your voice rises, and you sound as if youre asking a question. Pitch and Chunking To understand intonation, its important to comprehend two of its key terms: pitch and chunking.  Encyclopaedia Britannica  notes that pitch is, the relative highness or lowness of a tone as perceived by the ear, which depends on the number of vibrations per second produced by the vocal cords. Everyone has different levels of the pitch in their voice, notes Study.com: Though some are more prone to a higher pitch and some to a lower pitch, we can all change our timbre depending on who we are talking to and why. Timbre  refers to the  quality of sound that distinguishes one  voice or musical instrument from another or one vowel sound from another: It is determined by the harmonics of the sound. Pitch, then, refers to the musicality of your voice and how you use that musicality or timbre to convey meaning. Chunking- and pausing- meanwhile  packages information for the listener, says  the University of Technology (UTS)  in Sydney, adding that speakers divide  speech  into chunks, which may be single words or groups of words to communicate a thought or idea, or to focus on information the speaker thinks is important. UTS gives the following example of chunking: Does it really matter whether people speak with an accent as long as they can be easily understood? This sentence breaks into the following chunks: Does it really matter /whether people speak with an accent /as long as they can be easily understood? // In this example, in each chunk, your pitch would be slightly different to better convey your meaning to the listener. Your voice, essentially, rises and falls in each chunk. Types of Intonation Another key point about intonation involves the rising and falling of your voice. Just as a musical instrument rises and falls in its tone as an accomplished player creates a melody to convey a sense of mood, your voice rises and falls in a similar melodic way to create a sense of meaning. Take this example from an article by Russell Banks, in an article called Adultery, which was published in the April/May 1986 issue of Mother Jones. I mean, what the hell? Right? The speakers voice rises and falls in the separate chunks in these two brief sentences, as follows; I mean /What the hell? /Right? // As the speaker says the first chunk- I mean- the voice falls. Then, during the second phrase- What the heck?- the voice rises, almost like climbing a melodic ladder with each word. The speaker does this to express outrage. Then, with one the last word- Right?- the speakers voice climbs even higher, similar to hitting the elusive  high C in music. This is almost like pushing the sentence to the listener- handing it off if you will- so that the listener will agree with the speaker. (If the listener does not agree, an argument is likely to follow.) And, in the article, the listener  does  indeed agree with the speaker, by responding with, Yes, right. The response is spoken with falling intonation, almost as if the listener is giving in and accepting the dictate of the speaker. By the end of the word right, the responders voice has dropped so much its almost as if the person is giving in. Put another way, intonation is the process of chunking statements (and responses), to deliver packages of meaning. Generally, the initial statement (often a question), may rise and fall in tone, but it generally rises at the end, as the speaker passes off the sentence or question to the listener. And, just as with a musical piece that starts quietly, and crescendos in sound and timber, the tone or sound of the response falls as if the responder is bringing the discussion to a quiet ending, just as a melody quietly comes to a soft finish at the end.