Why Socrates Should Be Found Guilty Essays - Socrates,

Why Socrates Should Be Found Guilty? Why Socrates should be found guilty? In 470 B. C or 469 B. C a Greek Philosopher named Socrates was born in Athens. He was the son of Sophroniscus who was a sculptor. Researchers has said that Socrates was brought up as a sculptor. Socrates later abandoned it. When Peloponesion war broke out, Socrates went into active service and he earned high praises by the people of Athens for his courage and his endurance. Socrates took part in three war campaign for Athens. The seize of Potidea which was the beginning of the war and where he saved Alcibiades life. He also took part in the defeat and retreat of the Athenians at Delium in Boeotia in 424. He also fought in the battle of Amphipolis in 422. He was considered a hero by the people of Athens. In 406 B. C a trial of generals who commanded an Athenian fleet at the battle of Arginusae was held. They were accused of failing to pick up survivors and the dead of the battle. The generals defended themselves by claiming that the rescue of the bodies would be impossible because of the strong seas. Socrates was a member of the Prytaneis who are the board of fifty that presided at the trial. What Socrates asked himself was Whether the generals had a right to be tried separately (Stone pg.110). He believed that if they were tried together it would be unfair. The Athenian council listened to the public opinion who said, that they should be tried together. The council then decided that they were to be tried together. Socrates dissented and challenged the mass trial as unconstitutional under Athenian law and procedure of the court. But, the population of Athens and the majority of that population was so angered by the decision to postpone the trial, that the committee forgot unconstitutionality and allowed a vote on an amendment to try all ten generals together. Socrates held out against this decision because he believed it was not only illegal but also unjust. The majority prevailed and cleared the passage for the amendment and the trial. Socrates said What they have done was illegal (Stone pg. 113). By saying this statement Socrates criticized the majority's decision. Socrates gained many enemies from saying this statement. It gives the majority a view of him as a defector of the city and views not like their own. Socrates went against the decision of the people to try them together. When you go against a majority you create a negative view of yourself. When people have negative views of you, you create many enemies. The second occasion that gave Socrates a negative view was when, Socrates went against the Thirty Tyrants. The Thirty Tyrants were responsible for oligarchy in Athens after they overthrew the Democracy. It was formed by a Spartan commander named Lysander after Sparta has won the Peloponnesian war. These Thirty Tyrants were responsible for many judicial murders. They murdered wealthy citizens who's property they wanted for their own. The Thirty ordered Socrates and four other men to arrest a man named Leon of Salimis. Socrates went home while the others obeyed the order. Socrates new the leaders Critias and Charmides of the Thirty well. He was very close with them including Alcibiades. Alcibiades, Critias, and Charmides were all in the Socratic circle. There was then a counter revolution that restored Democracy in Athens. The democrats wanted to prevent a comeback of the horrors that were in every Athenian citizen's mind. The terror that Critias, Charmides, and Alcibades has caused. In order to do this they would have to get Socrates out of the way. The democrats felt since Socrates was the teacher of these Thirty Tyrant leaders, that he was responsible for their misdeeds. Socrates' relations with these three tyrants gave the wrong impression in the eyes of the people in Athens. Not only this was the cause of the negativity toward Socrates, it was also the fact that he went home instead of joining the exiled that left the city to over throw the Thirty tyrants. Maybe perhaps if he joined the exiles to overthrow the Thirty his popularity

Still Life while in Poem Essays

Still Life while in Poem Essays Still Life while in Poem Paper Still Life while in Poem Paper Daryush looks at the sweetness of life from a naà ¯ve and â€Å"young heiress† in Poem A, Still Life while in Poem B, Cunningham chooses to look at life from the perspective of an â€Å"aged lover.† In both poems, the poets reveal their differing attitudes towards life.  Both poets emphasise love as an aspect of the speakers’ lives through the similar form of a sonnet in their poems. The form of a sonnet expresses the poets’ focus on love in both poems, while the structured rhyme scheme in the poems convey the passion of love through the repetitive coupled rhyming of words at the end of the lines. However, Poem A ends with a rhyming couplet and thus deviates from the convention of a sonnet with two stanzas; this conveys the surprising revelations the young girl will encounter in her long future ahead. Conversely, Poem B’s expected adherence to the convention of two stanzas in a sonnet implies the speaker’s lack of surprises due to the various life experiences the â€Å"aged lover† has already gone through. Both sonnets thus have the same focus on love and yet, diverge in terms of the speakers’ perceptions towards it. Aside from the speakers’ perceptions, the descriptions of their actions in the poems serve to futher define their character. Daryush utilize unhurried movements such as the girl â€Å"[coming] over the lawn† and having taken an â€Å"early walk in her garden-wood† to show the vast amount of time the young heiress has ahead of her due to her youth. The vague action of â€Å"come† and languid characteristic of a â€Å"walk† characterize the young girl’s current lack of urgency and purpose in her life. In Poem B, Cunningham utilizes the metaphoric expression of â€Å"gears in motion† to describe the way in which the speaker connects with others. The resolute and continuous movement of the â€Å"gears† seems to metaphorically imply his sense of purpose in initiating any form of a relationship. Thus, the speaker in Poem B is perhaps a mature person who knows what he wants out of his life, unlike the youthful girl in Poem A who lack p urpose in her leisurely actions. The images in both poems serve to additionally characterize the speakers who are in differing stages of life. In Poem A, the imagery of ripe fruits such as â€Å"peaches† and â€Å"figs† are metaphoric representations of the rich passion of young people. The fruits are the most succulent at this point of time, akin to the rich passion in the girl’s life during her youthful prime. However, the speaker in Poem B debunks this ostentatious passion as it is â€Å"not for [him], not at [his] age†. This is done by presenting a crude and awkward image of himself as someone â€Å"with bony shoulders and fat face†, as opposed to the elegance of a dancer or even the â€Å"young heiress† in Poem A. Hence, the images in the poems differently serve to portray the speaker in Poem A as an elegant young girl who is enjoying the richness of youth while the speaker in B is implicitly characterized as a â€Å"clumsy† and â€Å"aged† person who does not engage in the passionate notions of young people. Finally, the enjambment and diction used in the last two lines of both poems hint at the possibility of complications in the speakers’ lives. In Poem A, the enjambment in line 13 emphasise the double denotations of the word â€Å"lies†. The pun causes the word to have a sinister subtextual meaning to it, perhaps implying the unpleasant realities of the future the naà ¯ve young heiress is venturing into. Similarly in line 13 of Poem B, the enjambment converges attention on the word â€Å"conspires†, which has an equally ominous connotation as â€Å"lies†. In the context of Poem B, the speaker may be criticizing the greed of people who wish to be â€Å"at once together and alone† and the paradoxical meaning leaves an ominous open-ended conclusion for the reader to speculate about the speaker’s accumulated life experiences with self-centered lovers. Hence, the disturbing connotations of the diction used results in ambiguity and speculation about the potential life experiences of the speakers in both poems. The speakers in both poems undoubtedly differ in terms of personality or even physical attributes, but both poets utilize similar devices to characterise the speakers. Through the characterization of the innately dissimilar speakers, the poets reveal different perceptions on life. Both poets utilize ambiguity and perhaps end off with a slight sense of foreboding, inviting speculation from the reader about the possibilities of betrayal or obstacles in the course of one’s life.

Intonation Definition and Examples in Speech

Intonation Definition and Examples in Speech In speech,  intonation is the use of changing (rising and falling) vocal pitch to convey grammatical information or personal attitude. Intonation is particularly important in expressing questions in spoken English. For example, take the sentence, When does the meeting start? The word start- including the question mark- rises up or comes up in your voice when you utter the word, notes the website  English Pronunciation Roadmap. The Musicality of Language Intonation  is the melody or music of a language, says  David Crystal, author of A Little Book of Language. Intonation refers to the way your voice rises and falls as you speak, as in, Its raining, isnt it? (or innit, perhaps) In this sentence, youre not really asking a question: Youre  telling  the listener that its raining, so you give your speech a telling melody. The pitch-level of your voice falls and you sound as if you know what youre talking about, and of course, you do, so youre making a statement. But now imagine that you  dont  know if its raining, says Crystal. You think there might be a shower outside, but youre unsure, so you ask someone to check. You use the same words, but the musicality of your voice makes a different point, as in, Its raining, isnt it? Now youre  asking  the person, so you give your speech an asking melody, says Crystal. The pitch-level of your voice rises, and you sound as if youre asking a question. Pitch and Chunking To understand intonation, its important to comprehend two of its key terms: pitch and chunking.  Encyclopaedia Britannica  notes that pitch is, the relative highness or lowness of a tone as perceived by the ear, which depends on the number of vibrations per second produced by the vocal cords. Everyone has different levels of the pitch in their voice, notes Study.com: Though some are more prone to a higher pitch and some to a lower pitch, we can all change our timbre depending on who we are talking to and why. Timbre  refers to the  quality of sound that distinguishes one  voice or musical instrument from another or one vowel sound from another: It is determined by the harmonics of the sound. Pitch, then, refers to the musicality of your voice and how you use that musicality or timbre to convey meaning. Chunking- and pausing- meanwhile  packages information for the listener, says  the University of Technology (UTS)  in Sydney, adding that speakers divide  speech  into chunks, which may be single words or groups of words to communicate a thought or idea, or to focus on information the speaker thinks is important. UTS gives the following example of chunking: Does it really matter whether people speak with an accent as long as they can be easily understood? This sentence breaks into the following chunks: Does it really matter /whether people speak with an accent /as long as they can be easily understood? // In this example, in each chunk, your pitch would be slightly different to better convey your meaning to the listener. Your voice, essentially, rises and falls in each chunk. Types of Intonation Another key point about intonation involves the rising and falling of your voice. Just as a musical instrument rises and falls in its tone as an accomplished player creates a melody to convey a sense of mood, your voice rises and falls in a similar melodic way to create a sense of meaning. Take this example from an article by Russell Banks, in an article called Adultery, which was published in the April/May 1986 issue of Mother Jones. I mean, what the hell? Right? The speakers voice rises and falls in the separate chunks in these two brief sentences, as follows; I mean /What the hell? /Right? // As the speaker says the first chunk- I mean- the voice falls. Then, during the second phrase- What the heck?- the voice rises, almost like climbing a melodic ladder with each word. The speaker does this to express outrage. Then, with one the last word- Right?- the speakers voice climbs even higher, similar to hitting the elusive  high C in music. This is almost like pushing the sentence to the listener- handing it off if you will- so that the listener will agree with the speaker. (If the listener does not agree, an argument is likely to follow.) And, in the article, the listener  does  indeed agree with the speaker, by responding with, Yes, right. The response is spoken with falling intonation, almost as if the listener is giving in and accepting the dictate of the speaker. By the end of the word right, the responders voice has dropped so much its almost as if the person is giving in. Put another way, intonation is the process of chunking statements (and responses), to deliver packages of meaning. Generally, the initial statement (often a question), may rise and fall in tone, but it generally rises at the end, as the speaker passes off the sentence or question to the listener. And, just as with a musical piece that starts quietly, and crescendos in sound and timber, the tone or sound of the response falls as if the responder is bringing the discussion to a quiet ending, just as a melody quietly comes to a soft finish at the end.

World Trade Organization Information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

World Trade Organization Information - Essay Example The legal documents of the WTO explore this idea and the individual obligations of member countries. From 1947 until Jan. 1, 1995, when the WTO formally came into being, the main body for settling international trade disputes was operated under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Before World War II the United States had entered into a series of bilateral trade negotiations. In the 1920s and 1930s, a series of protectionist measures, including congressional approval of the Smoot-Hawley tariff law, harmed international trade and, experts say, deepened the worldwide recession. After the war, the United States and other export-dependent countries tried to establish a trade body parallel to emerging international financial institutions, such as the World Bank. Efforts to form an international trade organization foundered, with many countries raising the same objections later leveled against the WTO: fear of lost sovereignty. In 1947 in Geneva, however, 23 nations formed the GATT. Until 1994, the GATT was the forum for resolving trade disputes and launching negotiating efforts. There were eight trade rounds in 50 years, and they resulted, according to the U.S. trade representative's office, in a 15-fold increase in international commerce. But the GATT came under increasing criticism from nations and exporters who said it was too cumbersome and its settlement process was too open-ended. Under the GATT system, the losing party could simply block a decision. As long as no one did it, the system worked...but more and more started doing it, in 1986, when The Uruguay Round was launched in Punta del Este, 74 nations attended the conference. The final agreement, reached in 1994, was designed to reduce tariffs and trade barriers by 40 percent. It also, nearly 50 years after the idea was broached, created the WTO to oversee international trade. Operation How and Where World trade organization operates in the following functions: It administers organization trade agreements, Handles trade disputes. Monitors national trade policies. Provides technical assistance and training to developing countries, cooperates with other international organizations.( www.geocities.com/letoconsulting/wto_accession.htm) Serves as a forum for trade negotiations. The World Trade Organization is designed to create the rules involved with trade. These trading rules include all countries, not just the US, and can therefore be a little tricky at times. "The WTO establishes a structure for trade policies; it does not define results" (Bagwell &Staiger p80). As we can see, the rules of trading are simply set as guidelines and cannot guarantee a certain outcome for each individual agreement between countries. There are five main rules that the WTO depends on to operate smoothly on a daily basis and they are as follows: unbiasness, reciprocity, enforceable commitments, simplicity, as well as security valves. 1. The WTO shall make possible the implication , administration as well as operation, and promote the objectives, of this Agreement along with the Multilateral Trade Agreements, and shall also give the structure for the implementation,

Conflict Theory in Garage Sale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Conflict Theory in Garage Sale - Essay Example Competition among groups in society is always the cause of conflict (Hensli, 12). Most often the cause of conflict is when the garage sale is more patronized by the buyers where it may create possible closure of legitimate businesses because of scarce customers. Looking at the assumption of conflict theory, it dictates that conflict arises when there is a scarce resource (customers). When this happens, owners of legitimate businesses would dictate the situation prohibiting individuals to engage in garage sales. They could enforce laws because they are considered the dominant group in selling by virtue of their business permit. Being a dominant class or group means they could impose rules to protect their privilege and interest to the expense of the inferior group. However, individuals involved in such business who want to earn a living doing garage sale may repulse the idea through protesting causing tension between the two groups. Conflict theory assumes that the economic factor is always the cause of conflict. In addition, tension continues to occur because of exploitation or manipulation of others. Reference Henslin, James. Sociology. A Down-to-Earth Approach. Allyn and Bacon publishing. 2007.

F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay -- Fitzgerald Great Gatsb

The 1920s was a time of excess and growth. Economically, it was a time for great financial gain. Largely because of improvements in technology, productivity increased while overall production costs decreased, and the economy grew. Not only was this time filled with prosperity, but corruption as well. People who had previously worked day and night finally acquired leisure time. Some of the most wealthy people made the choice to fill this free time with gluttony and lust. Many authors during this time believed that the excessive spending and consumption would surely lead to ruin. Although many people associate good times and carefree abandon with the reverie of the 1920s, some also suggest a hidden, much darker side. In his novel The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald, conveyed his belief that wealth and materialism corrupted the American Dream. In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald shows his disapproval of the times by portraying characters attempting to achieve their American Dream by any means possible. Myrtle Wilson, a low class inhabitant of the valley of ashes, puts her morals to the side when pursuing the wealthy life. Not even marriage stops Myrtle from having an affair with Tom Buchanan-- a rich man who enables her to finally buy the life she thinks she deserves. Not only does Myrtle cheat on her own husband, but she has an affair with someone who caught her eye with "a dress suit and patent leather shoes and [she] couldn't keep [her] eyes off him" (Fitzgerald 40). It is not a love for Tom that attracted Myrtle, but his money and power that she lusts after. Jay Gatsby-- a man actually in love with Daisy Buchanan and not simply the money she represents-- aspires to achieve his dream of wealth in... ...ent within Tom and Daisy signify that wealth cannot buy a person everything, including happiness. Fitzgerald questions the validity of the fiscally inclined American Dream within The Great Gatsby. During the 1920s, F. Scott Fitzgerald conveyed his disdain for the corruption within the American dream by depicting the immoral actions of society in his literature with a disapproving tone. Even though the country was economically prosperous, people increasingly lost much needed morals on their journey of the American Dream. Affairs and other sins took place with little guilt. People got caught up in the corruption around them in order to try to get their piece of the growing wealth. Without making some changes, society could have been on its way to self-devastation. Works Cited Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. 1st ed. New York: Scribner, 2004. Print.

Formal certification and accreditation (C&A) process Essay

The PKI must go through a formal certification and accreditation (C&A) process before it can be deployed in Quality Medical Company (QMC) operational environment. An independent Third Party must certify all (HIPPA) PKI systems. We will use system certification as a formal procedure for testing security safeguards in the computer system or major application to determine if they meet applicable requirements and specifications outlined. System accreditation is the formal authorization by a management official for system operation and an explicit acceptance of the associated risk. The management official ensures that all equipment resides on the network under his authority is operated using approved security standards. All C&A evaluations or annual reviews must be conducted by a third party who must have not developed the present PKI solution or have any other business relationship with QMC. QMC Associate Chief Information Technology Security Officer: – Ensure compliance requirements of this policy concerning data at rest and role-holders access to managed networks, systems and servers – Ensure public-companies regulations are implemented and in compliance – Provide security standards for implementation of PKI in HIPPA information technology environments to ensure that they can handle sensitive data and require non-repudiation; – Review company plans to implement this policy; – Review requests for exceptions or exceptions to this policy; and – Conduct reviews of U.S. Securities and Exchange (SEC) and HIPPA compliance to ensure compliance of this policy. – Receive, review and coordinate a response with the QMC Chief Information Technology Officer for any exception requests for exceptions to this policy. – Periodically review and update this notice as required; QMC Chief Information Technology Officer will: – Ensure the provisions of this policy are implemented and enforced; – Ensure  that the requirements of PKI policy are satisfied prior to deployment of this technology on any QMC system; – Ensure that a backup of the encryption private key(s) is obtained that will be securely stored so encrypted documents may be historically retrieved. The signing private key will exist only on the key token or profile issued to the individual. The solution must provide a means for archival of private decryption keys, and support for the recovery of a private decryption key on request; – Ensure that agency server administrators, staff offices responsible for server administration, ISSPMs and security staff are acquainted and comply with the provisions of OCIO Cyber Security Guidance Regarding C2 Controlled Access Protection (CS-013 dated 3/6/02); -Assure that agency server administrators, staff offices responsible for server administration, information system security program managers and security staff are trained to implement and, maintain PKI at a functional C2 level and fully understand the ongoing responsibilities to preserve that level of server security. QMC Information Systems Security Program Manager will: – Monitor all agency PKI installations to ensure that the provisions of this policy are followed; – Coordinate with agency server administrators to ensure that precautions are taken to properly preserve the required level of server security; – Coordinate with agency personnel to ensure proper certification and accreditation occur on all PKI systems prior to deployment; – Coordinate with agency system owners to ensure that PKI private key pairs are properly stored. QMC System Administrators/Security Administrators responsible for server administration will: – Monitor vendor release notes for new security patches, service packs, software upgrades and updates; – Follow internal configuration management practices in installing security patches and updates; and – Maintain a configuration control manual that documents all changes to the servers with sensitive information.